Augmented reality planning and viewing of dental treatment outcomes

ABSTRACT

In an embodiment, a processing device receives image data of a face from an image capture device associated with an augmented reality (AR) display. The processing device processes the image data to a) identify a mouth in the image data, b) identify a dental arch in the mouth, and c) determine a position of the dental arch relative to a position of the AR display. The processing device determines a treatment outcome for the dental arch, generates a visual overlay comprising an indication of the treatment outcome at the determined position of the dental arch, and outputs the visual overlay to the AR display, wherein the visual overlay is superimposed over a view of the dental arch on the AR display.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application is a continuation application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/841,212, filed Dec. 13, 2017, which claims thebenefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/435,569, filed Dec. 16, 2016, and further claims the benefit under 35U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/568,220, filedOct. 4, 2017, all of which are incorporated by reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments of the present invention relate to the field of dentistryand, in particular, to a system and method for providing augmentedreality enhancements for planning and viewing of dental outcomes.

BACKGROUND

Augmented reality devices may provide additional information to users ofthe devices in the context of the surrounding real world environment.For example, an augmented reality device may provide audio, video,graphic, or other information to a user to supplement the informationavailable in the real world environment.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention are illustrated by way of example,and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanyingdrawings.

FIG. 1A illustrates one embodiment of an augmented reality system forenhancing the planning and viewing of treatment outcomes, in accordancewith an embodiment.

FIG. 1B illustrates one embodiment of an augmented reality processingmodule, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 2 illustrates a flow diagram for a method of providing a visualoverlay of a treatment outcome by an augmented reality device, inaccordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 3 illustrates a view of an example augmented reality displayshowing a treatment outcome, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 4 illustrates a view of an example augmented reality displayshowing a treatment outcome, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 5 illustrates a flow diagram for a method of providing a visualoverlay of a treatment outcome by an augmented reality device based, inaccordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 6 illustrates a view of an example augmented reality displayshowing a treatment outcome, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 7 illustrates a flow diagram for a method of providing a visualoverlay of a treatment outcome by an augmented reality device based, inaccordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 8 illustrates a view of an example augmented reality displayshowing a treatment outcome, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 9 illustrates a flow diagram for a method of providing a visualoverlay of a treatment outcome by an augmented reality device based, inaccordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 10 illustrates a view of an example augmented reality displayshowing a treatment outcome, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 11 illustrates a flow diagram for a method of using an AR device toretrieve dental data, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 12 illustrates a flow diagram for a method of using an AR device toretrieve dental data and interact with the dental data, in accordancewith an embodiment.

FIG. 13 illustrates a flow diagram for a method of using an object tocontrol the position and orientation of a virtual 3D model of a dentalarch that is displayed in an AR display, in accordance with anembodiment.

FIG. 14 illustrates a block diagram of an example computing device, inaccordance with embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Described herein are methods and apparatuses for providing augmentedreality (AR) enhancements and virtual reality (VR) enhancements to theplanning and viewing of dental outcomes as well as to the retrieval andediting of dental data. An AR system (also referred to herein as an ARdevice) may provide an overlay of a dental outcome on a mouth or dentalarch of a subject as viewed through the AR display. The AR system or aVR system (also referred to herein as a VR device) may also provide aninterface to plan a dental outcome and/or retrieve and view dental data.The interface may show alignment of a dental outcome on a subject'smouth or dental arch or may project a rendering of a two-dimensional(2D) or three-dimensional (3D) model to be manipulated through theinterface. The interface may additionally show a rendering of otherdental data, such as x-ray images, photographs, text, and so on.

To provide an overlay of a dental outcome on a subject, an image capturedevice associated with the AR system may capture images of the subject.The AR system may then process the image data to identify a mouth and adental arch in the image data. In some embodiments, the AR system mayalso determine a position of the dental arch relative to the AR system.The AR system may then determine a treatment outcome for the subject.The treatment outcome may be determined based on analysis of the dentalarch as received in the image data, based on a 3D model of the dentalarch, based on x-ray or oral scanning information, or based on otherdata associated with the subject. The AR system may then generate avisual overlay comprising an indication of the treatment outcome. The ARsystem may determine a position for the visual overlay based on theposition of the dental arch relative to the AR system, or an identifiedposition of the dental arch in the image data. The visual overlay maythen be outputted to an AR display such that it is superimposed over aview of the dental arch on the AR display. Accordingly, a dentalpractitioner wearing the AR display may see a patient as the patientwill look after treatment outcome and/or a user wearing the AR displayand looking into a mirror may see themselves as they would look afterthe treatment outcome.

After the AR system has determined a position of the dental arch andgenerated the visual overlay, the system may continue to track theposition of the dental arch, a shape of the mouth, exposed portions ofthe mouth, movement of the lower jaw, or the like. Thus, the AR systemcan continue to update the visual overlay based on the tracked data toprovide the treatment outcome superimposed on the dental arch of thesubject. Accordingly, the treatment outcome may be provided in eachframe of a live video feed.

An AR system providing a view of treatment outcomes include an ARdisplay worn by a subject that is viewing himself in a mirror. Forexample, the AR system may include a pair of AR glasses. The image datagenerated by an imaging device of the AR display may include an image ofthe AR glasses as well as an image of the subject's mouth and dentalarch. The AR system may use a position of the AR glasses in the mirrorand a position of the subject's mouth in the mirror to coordinate aposition of the subject's mouth as the AR glasses move. For instance,the AR system may track the position of the AR glasses based on movementin the received image data and/or based on accelerometers or othersensors that provide outputs that indicate a change in the position ofthe AR glasses.

In some embodiments, an AR system providing a view of treatment outcomesmay include a display screen that shows a live feed of the subject andan overlay of the treatment outcome superimposed on the mouth of thesubject. For example, the AR system may be a mobile device with adisplay screen, a kiosk acting as a smart mirror, or another AR systemthat has a display screen and cameras to capture image data includingthe subject. In some embodiments, an AR system may include AR glassesthat are used by a dental practitioner or other individual to view thetreatment outcome on a subject. For example, a dental practitioner mayview the treatment outcome to ensure that the planned outcome will beaesthetically pleasing on the subject. In addition, the subject may haveother persons view the subject with the treatment outcome in order toshow what a final treatment outcome will look like.

In some embodiments, an AR system automatically retrieves dental datafor a patient, and provides an interface for viewing and manipulatingsuch dental data. In one embodiment, an AR system receives image datafrom an image capture device of the AR system. The AR system processesthe image data to identify a patient identifier in the image data. Thepatient identifier may be, for example, a numerical code, a textualcode, an alphanumeric code, a two-dimensional (2D) barcode, a 3Dbarcode, an image, or other type of patient identifier. Upon detectionof the patient identifier in the image data, the AR system may use thatpatient identifier as a key to retrieve dental data from a medicalrecord that is associated with the patient identifier. The AR system maythen generate a rendering of the dental data (e.g., of a virtual 3Dmodel of a dental arch of a patient) and output the rendering in an ARdisplay of the AR system.

An AR system and/or VR system may also provide an interface for planningtreatment outcomes. For example, based on a 3D model or oral scaninformation, a version of an idealized treatment outcome may be created.However, the idealized treatment outcome may not be the outcomepreferred by a subject or a dental practitioner. In addition, anidealized treatment outcome may not take into account the position ofthe dental arch to a subject's face. For instance, the idealizedtreatment outcome may have a midline that is not the same as the midlineof the subject's face. Accordingly, and AR system and/or VR system mayprovide an interface to improve treatment planning.

In some embodiments, the AR system may superimpose a treatment outcomeon the mouth of a patient as discussed above. The AR system and/or VRsystem may also provide one or more indicators that provide informationregarding the alignment of the treatment outcome with the alignment ofthe subject's face. For instance, a midline may be presented for boththe treatment outcome and for the subject's face. If the midlines do notmatch, the AR system and/or VR system may enable the user to adjust thetreatment outcome such that the midlines do match. The AR system and/orVR system may also provide an indication if the dental arch in thetreatment outcome is too narrow or too wide for the subject's face. Forexample, if the subject has a wide smile, a narrow dental arch may notbe preferred to a wider dental arch. Accordingly the AR system and/or VRsystem may provide an indicator of the difference and provide aninterface to adjust the treatment outcome.

In some embodiments, an AR system and/or VR system may provide atreatment outcome planning interface without (or in addition to)projecting the treatment outcome on a subject. For example, a virtualtwo-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) model of the dental archmay be projected on an AR display or VR display. A user may theninteract with the virtual 2D or 3D model to make changes to a treatmentoutcome. In some embodiments, the AR system or VR system may have anassociated haptic feedback device (e.g., a stylus, glove, or otherinstrument) that it can track with an electromagnetic sensor, proximitysensor, or the like, or track in imaging data from an imaging device.The movement of such an instrument may be used to move one or more teethin the virtual 2D or 3D model of the dental arch.

The AR system and/or VR system may also provide feedback regardingpossible changes to the treatment outcome. For example, a change to atreatment outcome that includes a change to a position of a tooth maynot be possible if there is already another tooth in that position. TheAR system and/or VR system may then provide feedback indicating that thechange is not valid. The change may be indicated based on a visualindicator on the AR display or VR display or based on other feedback,such as haptic feedback through the instrument used to make the change.In some embodiments, different levels of feedback may be given based onthe type of change. For instance, a first level of feedback may be givenas a tooth is originally moved by the user, another may be given whenthe tooth being moved contacts another tooth, and another level offeedback may be given if the tooth is being moved into an invalidposition. In various embodiments, other levels or types of feedback maybe provided.

Embodiments provide significant advantages over traditional techniquesfor planning and viewing of dental outcomes. Dental practitioners canuse an AR system as described herein to automatically retrieve dentaldata and/or other medical records for a patient. This enables a dentalpractitioner to easily access and view dental data without inputting apatient's name at a computer. Additionally, this enables a dentalpractitioner to view and/or modify dental data in a public settingwithout revealing any such private patient information to third parties.Dental practitioners can use an AR system and/or VR system as describedherein to better interact with a patient's treatment plan or potentialpatient's treatment plan to plan and view dental outcomes. The AR systemand/or VR system also presents information to a dental practitionerwhile the dental practitioner views a patient, and may reduce oreliminate a need for the dental practitioner to look away from thepatient when planning treatment outcomes. In one embodiment, the ARsystem performs facial recognition when a patient's face enters a fieldof view (FOV) of an AR device. The facial recognition may be used todetermine an associated medical record and automatically retrieve dentaldata from the medical record for a patient.

Furthermore, the AR system may be used by a patient or potential patientto view a treatment outcome. This may encourage the patient or potentialpatient to begin a treatment. Furthermore, the patient or potentialpatient may use the AR system to customize a treatment outcome. Forexample, a patient or potential patient may interact with their owntreatment plan to have some control over the final treatment outcome.This may enable a patient who has a different aesthetic than standard toselect how they want their teeth to look, such as by causing a slightgap between two or more teeth, and so on. Patients who are given somecontrol over their treatment outcome may have increased treatmentsatisfaction. A dental practitioner may also use the AR system to changea treatment plan based on facial features, mouth shape, or otherfeatures of a subject. Embodiments therefore improve the efficiency ofinterfacing with patients, the quality of dental treatment outcomes, andenable additional customizations of treatment outcomes.

Embodiments described herein are discussed with reference to an ARsystem. An AR system is a device that enables a live direct or indirectview of a physical, real-world environment and that augments the view ofthe physical real-world environment by computer generated sensory inputsuch as sound, video, or graphics. An AR system may include an ARdisplay that includes glasses or other lenses that have one or morecameras attached to capture images of a patient. The AR display may alsohave a projector that projects images onto the glasses or lenses toprovide a visual overlay to a dental practitioner. The visual overlay issuperimposed over the real world image that the dental practitioner seesthrough the glasses or lenses. Some embodiments herein are describedwith reference to an AR display that is worn by a dental practitioner,such as AR glasses, AR goggles, or an AR headset. While some embodimentsdescribed herein are discussed with reference to a worn AR display, itshould be understood that embodiments also apply to AR system that useother types of displays. For example, embodiments may apply to acomputing device having a screen showing live images captured of apatient and overlay information to enhance the experience of the dentalpractitioner viewing the screen.

Additionally, it should be understood that embodiments described withreference to an AR system also apply to a virtual reality (VR) system. AVR system is similar to an AR system, except that an AR system allows awearer or viewer to see an augmented version of the real world, while aVR system provides a purely simulated environment. A VR systemartificially creates sensory experiences that can include sight, touch,sound, and/or other senses, and presents these sensory experiences ontoa VR display. Any reference made herein to any type of AR system and/orAR display applies equally to a VR system and/or VR display.

FIG. 1A illustrates one embodiment of an AR system 100 for providingenhancements to the planning and viewing of dental outcomes. In oneembodiment, the AR system 100 includes a computing device 105, an ARdisplay 150, an image capture device 160, and a data store 110. In someembodiments, the components shown in FIG. 1A may be integrated into adevice that houses the AR display 150. For example, the computing device105 and image capture device 160 may be integrated into glasses or aheadset to be worn by a dental practitioner or a patient. In someembodiments, the computing device 105 may be separate from the ARdisplay 150, but connected through either a wired or wireless connectionto a processing device in the AR display 150. Additionally, the datastore 110 may be attached to the AR display 150, may be directlyconnected to computing device 105, and/or may be accessed by computingdevice 105 over a network (not shown). In some embodiments, thecomputing device 105 and data store 110 may be collocated and accessedby the AR display 150 over a network.

Computing device 105 may include a processing device, memory, secondarystorage, one or more input devices (e.g., such as a keyboard, mouse,tablet, speakers, or the like), one or more output devices (e.g., adisplay, a printer, etc.), and/or other hardware components. Computingdevice 105 may be connected to data store 110 either directly or via anetwork. The network may be a local area network (LAN), a public widearea network (WAN) (e.g., the Internet), a private WAN (e.g., anintranet), or a combination thereof. The computing device 105 may beintegrated into the AR display 150 or image capture device 160 in someembodiments to improve mobility.

Data store 110 may be an internal data store, or an external data storethat is connected to computing device 105 directly or via a network.Examples of network data stores include a storage area network (SAN), anetwork attached storage (NAS), and a storage service provided by acloud computing service provider. Data store 110 may include a filesystem, a database, or other data storage arrangement.

The AR display 150 may include lenses through which a wearer (e.g., adental practitioner) may see a physical, real-world environment (e.g., apatient's oral cavity) and a projector for projecting visual elementsonto the lenses. Examples of AR displays include Microsoft HoloLens®,Google Glass®, Vuzix Smart Glasses®, and Sony SmartEyeGlass®. The ARdisplay 150 may therefore overlay information for a dental practitioneronto the lenses in a position in the field of view of the practitionerthat corresponds to a location of an identified area of interest. Todetermine where to display information, the AR display 150 may includeone or more sensors to track the eyes of a user and/or determine aposition of the user in relation to positions of objects viewed by theuser. The AR display 150 may also use images provided from image capturedevice 160 to determine where to display information to the dentalpractitioner. In some embodiments the image capture device 160 ismounted to the AR display 150.

As a dental practitioner wearing the AR display 150 views a patient,image capture device 160 may generate a stream of images that show thepatient from the dental practitioner's point of view. Additionally, as adental practitioner wearing the AR display 150 views a paper, screen(e.g., screen of a mobile phone, laptop computer, desktop computer,tablet computer, etc.) or other object that includes a patientidentifier, the image capture device 160 may generate a stream of imagesthat show the object from the dental practitioner's point of view. Theimage capture device may be or include a charge-coupled device (CCD)sensor and/or a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor.The image capture device 160 may provide images or video to thecomputing device 105 for processing. For example, the image capturedevice 160 may provide images to the computing device 105 that thecomputing device analyzes to identify a patient's mouth, a patient'sface, a patient's dental arch, a position of the AR device relative tothe patient's arch or mouth, an object that includes a patientidentifier, a position of the AR device relative to the object, or thelike. The image capture device 160 may also provide images to thecomputing device 105 or AR display 150 that are used to coordinate theposition of elements of a visual overlay to display on AR display 150 sothat the visual overlay is superimposed over the real-world environmentviewed by the dental practitioner or patient. In some embodiments, theimages captured by image capture device 160 may be stored in data store110. For example, the image data 135 may be stored in data store 110 asa record of patient history or for computing device 105 to use foranalysis of the patient. The image capture device 160 may transmit thediscrete images or video to the computing device 105. Computing device105 may store the image data 135 in data store 110.

In some embodiments, the image capture device 160 providestwo-dimensional data. In some embodiments, the image capture device 160may provide three-dimensional data or stereoscopic image data that maybe processed to produce three-dimensional data. For example, the imagecapture device 160 may have two cameras with a known separation andknown imaging angles that simultaneously capture image data. Thestereoscopic image data may be provided to computing device 105 as asingle stream of image data or as two separate streams of image data.The stereoscopic image data may be used to provide an estimation ofdepth for objects viewed through the AR display 150. For example, thecomputing device 105 may use the stereoscopic image data to identify athree dimensional location of a tooth, mouth, dental arch, or otherobjects in the field of view of the image capture device 160.

The image capture device 160 may include high definition cameras toaccurately capture the structure of areas of interest of a patient. Insome embodiments, the image capture device 160 may have one or morecameras that capture a wide field of view and additional cameras forcapturing a narrow field of view (e.g., for a region identified as amouth or dental arch of a patient). In some embodiments, the imagecapture device 160 may include additional cameras to provide additionalstreams of image data. Additional cameras may be used to improve threedimensional image quality.

In some embodiments, the AR system 100 additionally or alternativelyincludes a virtual reality (VR) display 152 that may be worn by apatient or dental practitioner. The image data from the image capturedevice 160 and/or the visual overlay generated based on the image datamay be output to the VR display 152. This may enable the patient ordental practitioner to view treatment outcomes that a dentalpractitioner is seeing and potentially updating. This may facilitate anexplanation of the treatment outcome and provide an opportunity for thepatient to have input into a treatment plan. Image data from the imagecapture device and/or visual overlays may be synchronized between anAR/VR device of a dental practitioner and an AR/VR device of the patientsuch that the patient and dental practitioner may discuss and generate atreatment plan together based on the combined AR/VR experience.

In some instances the image capture device 160 may be separate from theVR display 152 and AR display 150, and may be directed toward a wearerof the AR display 150 and/or VR display 152. The image capture device160 may project structured light (e.g., a grid of lines and/or dots) toassist in obtaining 3D image data. The image capture device 160 maycapture image data of an object such as an input device 161 (e.g., whichmay be a haptic device), a user hand, and so on. This image data may beused to determine a position of the input device 161 relative to avirtual model (e.g., a virtual 3D model of a dental arch) that isprojected onto the AR display 150 and/or VR display 152. In someembodiments, the object is an object that includes a patient identifier.The computing device 105 may identify the patient identifier in theobject, and may determine an orientation and/or position of the objectand/or of the patient identifier on the object. The orientation and/orposition of the object (or of the patient identifier on the object) maybe used to determine where to project a rendering of dental data such asa virtual 3D model of a dental arch.

Input device 161 may be a haptic device such as haptics gloves, astylus, a pointer or other instrument that includes haptics componentscapable of providing forces, vibrations and/or motions for hapticfeedback. The input device 161 may include one or more sensors such as agyroscope, accelerometer, etc. capable of detecting changes in positionof the haptic device. Additionally, or alternatively, the AR system 100may include one or more additional external sensors (not shown) thatinterface with the input device 161 to accurately determine a positionand orientation of the input device 161. The relative position of theinput device 161 and a virtual model of a dental arch may then bedetermined, and the input device 161 may interact with and adjust thevirtual model of the dental arch.

In one embodiment, the input device 161 is any device that includes apatient identifier. Examples of such devices include a paper thatincludes a printout of the patient identifier, a mobile phone, tabletcomputer, laptop computer, desktop computer, etc. with a screen imageshowing the patient identifier, and so on. The input device 161 may alsobe a device that includes an input device identifier. An input deviceidentifier may be a numerical code, a textual code, an alphanumericcode, a 2D barcode, a 3D barcode, an image, etc. that is associated withan input device. The input device identifier may be used to identify anobject that is in a field of view (FOV) of the AR display 150 as aninput device. Alternatively, or additionally, computing device 105 mayinclude a record of the known geometry of an input device. If an objecthaving the known geometry is detected in the FOV of the AR display 150,that object may be identified as an input device. Examples of inputdevices that may include input device IDs or have a known shape includea pointer, a pen, a cube, a wand, a paper, a block, or any other type ofobject that can fit in a hand.

The computing device 105 may include AR processing module 108. The ARprocessing module 108 may analyze image data 135 from a data store 110or directly from an image capture device 160. The AR processing module108 may then identify a mouth, a dental arch, an AR device, a patientidentifier, an input device, or other objects and/or information in theimage data. The AR processing module 108 may then generate on or morevisual overlays to output to AR display 150 and/or generate additionalinformation to present on the AR display 150. The information providedon an AR display 150 may depend on a wearer of the AR display 150, datain medical records 131 (e.g., information known about a patient (patientdata 140 such as dental data and/or a treatment outcome), or the like.For example, if a patient, prospective patient, or dental practitioneris using the AR device, the computing device 105 may provide an overlayof a treatment outcome to the patient. The AR device may also oralternatively provide an interface enabling a patient, prospectivepatient, or dental practitioner to design or modify a treatment outcomedisplayed on an AR display 150 or VR display 152.

By way of non-limiting example, a treatment outcome may be the result ofa variety of dental procedures. Such dental procedures may be broadlydivided into prosthodontic (restorative) and orthodontic procedures, andthen further subdivided into specific forms of these procedures.Additionally, dental procedures may include identification and treatmentof gum disease, sleep apnea, and intraoral conditions. The termprosthodontic procedure refers, inter alia, to any procedure involvingthe oral cavity and directed to the design, manufacture or installationof a dental prosthesis at a dental site within the oral cavity, or areal or virtual model thereof, or directed to the design and preparationof the dental site to receive such a prosthesis. A prosthesis mayinclude any restoration such as implants, crowns, veneers, inlays,onlays, and bridges, for example, and any other artificial partial orcomplete denture. The term orthodontic procedure refers, inter alia, toany procedure involving the oral cavity and directed to the design,manufacture or installation of orthodontic elements at a dental sitewithin the oral cavity, or a real or virtual model thereof, or directedto the design and preparation of the dental site to receive suchorthodontic elements. These elements may be appliances including but notlimited to brackets and wires, retainers, clear aligners, or functionalappliances. Any of treatment outcomes or updates to treatment outcomesdescribed herein may be based on these orthodontic and/or dentalprocedures. Examples of orthodontic treatments are treatments thatreposition the teeth, treatments such as mandibular advancement thatmanipulate the lower jaw, treatments such as palatal expansion thatwiden the upper and/or lower palate, and so on. For example, an updateto a treatment outcome may be generated by interaction with a user toperform one or more procedures to one or more portions of a patient'sdental arch or mouth. Planning these orthodontic procedures and/ordental procedures may be facilitated by the AR system described herein.

A treatment plan for producing a particular treatment outcome may begenerated by first generating an intraoral scan of a patient's oralcavity. From the intraoral scan a virtual 3D model of the upper and/orlower dental arches of the patient may be generated. A dentalpractitioner may then determine a desired final position and orientationfor the patient's teeth on the upper and lower dental arches, for thepatient's bite, and so on. This information may be used to generate avirtual 3D model of the patient's upper and/or lower arches afterorthodontic treatment. This data may be used to create an orthodontictreatment plan. The orthodontic treatment plan may include a sequence oforthodontic treatment stages. Each orthodontic treatment stage mayadjust the patient's dentition by a prescribed amount, and may beassociated with a 3D model of the patient's dental arch that shows thepatient's dentition at that treatment stage.

In one embodiment, AR processing module 108 includes one or moreposition detection modules 115, an AR display module 118, a treatmentplanning module 120, a medical record interface module 192 and a virtualinterface module 121. Alternatively, the operations of one or more ofthe position detection modules 115, AR display module 118, medicalrecord interface module 192, virtual interface module 121 and/ortreatment planning module 120 may be combined into a single moduleand/or divided into multiple modules.

Position detection modules 115 are responsible for identifying aposition of a mouth, a dental arch, and/or an AR device from image data135 received from image capture device 160. The image data may be imagesof a patient's face and oral cavity viewed by a dental practitioner orpatient wearing the AR display 150. The position detection modules 115may, in identifying the position of a dental arch, analyze image data135. The analysis may involve direct analysis (e.g., pixel-based and/orother point-based analysis), the application of machine learning, theapplication of image registration, and/or the application of imagerecognition. The position detection modules 115 may identify suchpositions directly from the image data 135 received from the imagecapture device 160 or based on a comparison of the received image data135 and reference data 138 or previous patient data 140. For example, aposition detection module 115 may use one or more algorithms to identifythe shape of a tooth, the color of a tooth, the position of a tooth, theshape, color, or position of a mouth, or other characteristics of atooth, mouth, or face to determine a position of a mouth for overlayinga treatment outcome for viewing by a dental practitioner or patient.

AR display module 118 is responsible for determining how to present thetreatment outcome, dental data, or an interface for updating a treatmentoutcome on the AR display 150. AR display module 118 may provide anoverlay of the treatment outcome on the AR display 150. The AR displaymodule 118 may determine a position to project a virtual object in avisual overlay on an AR display 150 such that the visual overlay ispositioned in the line of sight of the dental practitioner over thepatient's oral cavity. The virtual object may include an overlay of thetreatment outcome that may also include text, numbers, a contour,colors, graphical images and/or other virtual objects. For instance, theAR display module 118 may determine a position to display the treatmentoutcome based on the image data 135 and a corresponding position toproject that treatment outcome on the AR display 150. In someembodiments, the AR display 150 may provide additional indicatorsseparate from the treatment outcome in order to provide additional datato a dental practitioner and/or patient. For example, the AR display 150may display an indication of midlines, facial features, or otherelements that aid in the generation of a treatment plan for a patient.

The AR display module 118 may provide the indications in the form offlags, markings, contours, text, images, and/or sounds (e.g., in theform of speech). In some embodiments, the AR display module 118 mayprovide one or more midlines so as to indicate the midline of thepatient's dental arch and/or face in the image data 135. In someembodiments, the wearer of the AR display 150 may provide an indicationof an identity of the wearer (e.g., through a menu or other userinterface). AR processing module 108 may then determine what informationto include in the visual overlay based on the identity of the wearer.For example, first information may be shown to a dentist and secondinformation may be shown to a patient. In some instances, the ARprocessing module 108 provides a number of potential or recommendedupdates to a treatment plan for the patient or practitioner. Suchupdates may show up as a visual overlay on the AR display 150.

In some embodiments, a treatment planning module 120 is responsible fordetermining what data to present on AR display 150 based on potentialupdates to a treatment plan for a patient. In some embodiments, thetreatment planning module 120 may also receive input or provide outputto one or more instruments used for planning a treatment outcome for apatient. The treatment planning module 120 may access patient data 140,image data 135, and reference data 138 to determine AR elements toprovide on AR display 150. In some embodiments, the treatment planningmodule 120 may receive or generate one or more virtual 3D models,virtual 2D models, or other treatment outcome models based on thereference data 138, patient data 140, or image data 135 received from animage capture device 160. For example, an intraoral scan of thepatient's oral cavity may be performed to generate an initial virtual 3Dmodel of the upper and/or lower dental arches of the patient. Treatmentplanning module 120 may then determine a final treatment outcome basedon the initial virtual 3D model, and then generate a new virtual 3Dmodel representing the final treatment outcome.

In one embodiment, virtual interface module 121 identifies an object inimage data that represents an input device. Virtual interface module 121may identify the object as an input device based on a geometry of theobject, based on the object including a patient identifier and/or basedon the object including an input device identifier. The virtualinterface module 121 may map the position and orientation of such aninput device (object) to the position and orientation of dental datasuch as a virtual 3D model. If the position or orientation of the inputdevice changes, then the position and/or orientation of the dental datamay likewise change. The virtual interface module 121 may also providetracking of instruments in the view of image data 135 received fromimage capture device 160 to determine a user input to update a treatmentoutcome for the patient. For example, the treatment planning module mayreceive a position of the input device 161 or another AR interactiveinstrument from position detection module 115 that indicates a positionand/or interaction from the input device 161 or other AR interactiveinstrument. The interaction may be used to update the virtual 3D orvirtual 2D model, that the adjustment to the virtual 3D or virtual 2Dmodel may be used to update the treatment plan for a patient.

In one embodiment, AR processing module 108 includes a medical recordinterface module 192. Medical record interface module 192 may searchimage data received from AR display 150 for a patient identifier. Once apatient identifier is determined, medical record interface module 192may use that patient identifier to retrieve patient data 140 (e.g.,dental data) from data store 110. In one embodiment, medical recordinterface module 192 uses an application programming interface (API)such as a Rest API or other communications protocol to establish two waycommunication between the AR system and one or more data stores 110 forretrieving dental data and/or storing updates to dental data. Eachmedical record 131 may be associated with a particular patientidentifier, which may be used as a key to retrieve the patient data 140associated with the medical record 131.

FIG. 1B illustrates one embodiment of an augmented reality processingmodule 108, in accordance with an embodiment. The AR processing module108 may correspond to AR processing module 108 of FIG. 1A inembodiments. AR processing module 108 may receive as an input image data162 from image capture device 160, process the image data 162, andgenerate a visual overlay 164 that is then output to the AR display 150.The image data 162 may include an image of a patient's oral cavity thatincludes a dental arch (or two dental arches). The image data 162 mayalternatively or additionally include an image of an object thatincludes a patient identifier and/or an object that includes an inputdevice identifier.

AR processing module 108 may process the image data 162 to determine aposition of a patient's mouth, a dental arch, an input device, a patientidentifier, the AR display, a position of the dental arch relative tothe AR display, or the like. The AR processing module 108 may generatethe visual overlay 164 based on a treatment outcome for the position ofthe patient's mouth, dental arch, and the AR display. The AR processingmodule 108 may also generate the visual overlay 164 based on the patientdata 188 (e.g., dental data) retrieved from a medical record 194 and/orbased on a position and/or orientation of an input device. Notably, theimage data 162 may represent a real-world scene as viewed by a dentalpractitioner or patient wearing an AR display. AR processing module 108may receive the image data 162, process the image data, and output thevisual overlay 164 to the AR display in real time or near-real time sothat the visual overlay corresponds to the scene that the dentalpractitioner or patient is currently viewing through the AR display. TheAR processing module 108 may receive a stream of image data 162 from theimage capture device 160 and may output a stream of the visual overlay164 that corresponds to the incoming stream of image data 162. Thus thevisual overlay 164 may be continually updated in real time or near-realtime to maintain correspondence to the scene as viewed by the dentalpractitioner as a patient moves, the dental practitioner moves, or thescene otherwise changes.

In embodiments in which the AR processing module is a VR processingmodule for a VR system, the incoming image data 162 may not represent aview of a wearer of the VR display. Instead, the image data 162 mayrepresent a position of a wearer of the VR display and/or a position ofa haptics device or other AR or VR interactive device such as a pointer,wand, gloves, and so on. Additionally or alternatively, other positiondata may also be received, which may include accelerometer data of thehaptics device, gyroscope data of the haptics device, radio frequencytime of flight data of the haptics device, and so on. This additionalposition data and/or the image data 162 may be used to accuratelydetermine a position of the haptics device so as to determine anyinteraction between the haptics device and elements of the visualoverlay 164, such as elements of a virtual 3D model of a patient'sdental arch.

In one embodiment, AR processing module 108 includes multiple positiondetection modules 115. For instance, individual position detectionmodules 115 may detect the position of different components of apatient's face. Alternatively, one or more of these position detectionmodules 115 may be combined into a single position detection module 115.Each position detection module 115 is configured to detect the positionof particular types of objects from the image data and/or trackindividual objects in the image data. In some embodiments, differentposition detection modules 115 may identify different objects in theimage data using a variety of techniques. In some embodiments, the ARprocessing module 108 may include a dental arch/oral cavity identifier166, a dental arch segmenter 172, a patient history comparator 178, aprior image data comparator 180, or other modules to detect objects anddetermine a position of those objects in received image data.

Dental arch/oral cavity identifier 166 may be responsible foridentifying an oral cavity in received image data 162 and foridentifying a dental arch in the oral cavity. To identify the oralcavity, dental arch/oral cavity identifier 166 performs image processingon the image data 162 using image recognition techniques. For example,oral cavities have visual cues that can be used to pinpoint the oralcavities in the image data 162. Dental arch/oral cavity identifier 166may include an oral cavity profile that may have been generated usingmachine learning techniques such as neural networks. Processing theimage data 162 may include first pre-processing the image data such asby performing re-sampling in a new coordinate system, performing noisereduction, enhancing contrast, adjusting scale, etc. Processing theimage data 162 may additionally include performing feature extraction toidentify lines, edges, ridges, point clouds, corners, point blobs, andso on. Processing the image data 162 may additionally include performingdetection and/or segmentation to select those lines, edges, ridges,point clouds, corners, point blobs, etc. that represent the oral cavityand/or objects within the oral cavity.

Dental arch/oral cavity identifier 166 can identify the dental arch (ormultiple dental arches) in the oral cavity using similar techniques asdescribed for identifying the oral cavity. However, a dental archprofile may be used to identify the dental arch.

In an example, dental arch/oral cavity identifier 166 may identifyfeatures in the image data based on geometric analysis of the image data162. The dental arch/oral cavity identifier 166 may perform geometricanalysis based on identification of lines or color blobs in the imagedata 162. The geometric analysis may identify the features of an oralcavity and/or the features of a dental arch.

The dental arch/oral cavity identifier 166 may then determine a positionof identified dental arches or oral cavities. For example, the dentalarch/oral cavity identifier 166 may identify the dental arch or oralcavity based on stereoscopic imaging data and determine a position ofthe identified dental arch or oral cavity in a 3D space relative to theAR display. In some embodiments, a patient may be viewing a mirror, andthe imaging data may include images of the mirror with the patient andAR display present in the imaging data. The dental arch/oral cavityidentifier 166 may then determine a position of the dental arch or oralcavity in the imaging data, relative to the AR display based on theimage in the mirror, or both.

In some embodiments, the dental arch/oral cavity identifier 166 may alsodetermine a position of the AR display in the image data 162. Forexample, if a patient is looking in a mirror through AR glasses, theimage data 162 may include an image of the AR glasses. Accordingly, theAR processing module 108 may determine a position of the AR glasses inthe image data 162. The AR processing module 108 may then determine aposition of the oral cavity or dental arch relative to the AR glasses.When tracking the position of the oral cavity or dental arch, the ARprocessing module 108 may then use information about the position of theAR glasses. For example, the AR glasses may provide an output thatindicates a change in the position of the AR glasses based on a motionsensor. The AR processing module 108 may then estimate a position of thedental arch based on the change of the position of the AR glasses. Forexample, in some embodiments, the dental arch/oral cavity identifier 166may determine an offset vector between the AR glasses and the upper jawof a patient. While the AR glasses are worn by the patient, the distancebetween the AR glasses and the upper arch may remain fixed. The dentalarch/oral cavity identifier 166 may then receive an indication that theAR glasses moved. In response to a new position indicated by themovement of the AR glasses, the AR processing module 108 may determine anew position of the upper jaw of the patient by applying the offsetvector to the new position of the AR glasses.

Dental arch segmenter 172 may be responsible for segmenting anidentified dental arch into individual teeth. The dental arch segmenter172 may operate on similar principles as the dental arch/oral cavityidentifier. Dental arch segmenter 172 may receive a subset of image data162 that has already been processed by dental arch/oral cavityidentifier 166 (e.g., point blobs, contours, ridges, corners, pointclouds, etc. that represent a dental arch), and may perform detectionand segmentation to segment the dental arch into the individual teeth.Dental arch segmenter 172 and/or dental arch/oral cavity identifier 166may additionally identify gums in the oral cavity represented in theimage data 162 and separate the gums from the teeth. The dental archsegmenter 172 may provide the information to an AR display module 118 touse when generating an overlay of a patient's treatment outcome or atreatment planning module 120 that may use the information to enable auser to interact with individual teeth to modify a treatment outcome.

In some embodiments a patient may wear markers on one or more teeth.These markers may be used by dental arch segmenter 172 to identify andsegment individual teeth. Additionally, these markers may be used bydental arch/oral cavity identifier 166 to facilitate locating the oralcavity and dental arch in the image data 162. The markers may bestickers or other adhesives with known shapes or patterns that areeasily identifiable in the image data 162.

In some embodiments, the position detection module 115 may applyalgorithms that compare image data or features detected in image data toreference data 190, which may include a store of dental arch or oralcavity models or images. In some embodiments, the position detectionmodule 115 may extract a model, image, set of edges, a point blob, setof contours, and/or other representation of a feature detected in theimage data 162. The position detection module 115 may then compare theextracted model, set of edges, point blob, set of contours, image orother representation of the feature to the reference data 190 toidentify a dental arch or oral cavity in the image data. The positiondetection module 115 may then determine a position of the dental arch ororal cavity.

In some embodiments, the position detection modules 115 additionallyinclude a prior data comparator 180. The prior data comparator 180 mayidentify or help identify a dental arch or oral cavity by comparingimage data 162 to prior image data included in previous patient data188. Patient data 188 may include past data regarding the patient (e.g.,medical records), previous or current scanned images or models of thepatient, current or past X-rays, 2D intraoral images, 3D intraoralimages, virtual 2D models, virtual 3D models, or the like.

Prior data comparator 180 may perform image registration between theimage data 162 and the prior image data of a patient's oral cavity,dental arch, individual teeth, or other intraoral regions. Imageregistration algorithms are carried out to register the current imagedata 162 from the image capture device of the AR system to one or moreprevious images of a patient's mouth; dental arch, teeth, etc. The imageregistration involves determination of the transformations which alignone image with the other. Image registration may involve identifyingmultiple points, point clouds; edges; corners, etc. in each image of animage pair; surface fitting to the points of each image, and using localsearches around points to match points of the two images. For example;prior data comparator 180 may match points of one image with the closestpoints interpolated on the surface of the other image, and iterativelyminimize the distance between matched points. Prior data comparator 180may also find the best match of curvature features at points of oneimage with curvature features at points interpolated on the surface ofthe other image, with or without iteration. Prior data comparator 180may also find the best match of spin-image point features at points ofone image with spin-image point features at points interpolated on thesurface of the other image, with or without iteration. Other techniquesthat may be used for image registration include those based ondetermining point-to-point correspondences using other features andminimization of point-to-surface distances, for example. Other imageregistration techniques may also be used.

Many image registration algorithms perform the fitting of a surface tothe points in adjacent images, which can be done in numerous ways.Parametric surfaces such as Bezier and B-Spline surfaces are common,although others may be used. A single surface patch may be fit to allpoints of an image, or alternatively, separate surface patches may befit to any number of a subset of points of the image. Separate surfacepatches may be fit to have common boundaries or they may be fit tooverlap. Surfaces or surface patches may be fit to interpolate multiplepoints by using a control-point net having the same number of points asa grid of points being fit, or the surface may approximate the points byusing a control-point net which has fewer number of control points thanthe grid of points being fit. Various matching techniques may also beemployed by the image registration algorithms.

In one embodiment, prior data comparator 180 may determine a point matchbetween images, which may take the form of a two dimensional (2D)curvature array. A local search for a matching point feature in acorresponding surface patch of another image is carried out by computingfeatures at points sampled in a region surrounding the parametricallysimilar point. Once corresponding point sets are determined betweensurface patches of the two images, determination of the transformationbetween the two sets of corresponding points in two coordinate framescan be solved. Essentially, an image registration algorithm may computea transformation between two images that will minimize the distancesbetween points on one surface, and the closest points to them found inthe interpolated region on the other image surface can be used as areference. The transformation may include rotations and/or translationalmovement in up to six degrees of freedom (e.g. rotations about one tothree axes and translations within one to three planes). Additionally,the transformation may include changes in image size (e.g., zooming inor out) for one or both of the images. A result of the imageregistration may be a transformation matrix that indicates therotations, translations and/or size changes that will cause the oneimage to correspond to the other image. In one embodiment, thetransformation matrix is applied to the prior image data to cause theprior image data to correlate with the current image data 162.

In some instances, the previous image data to which the current imagedata 162 is registered comprises a three dimensional model of apatient's dental arch and/or jaw. The three dimensional model may havebeen generated at a previous time based on an intraoral scan of thepatient's upper and/or lower dental arches. The three dimensional modelmay include the upper and lower dental arches, and may reflectarticulation of a patient's jaw and tooth contact points between theupper and lower dental arch. To register the image data 162 to the threedimensional model, prior data comparator 180 may digitally constructmultiple images of the three dimensional model from differentperspectives. If the image data is two-dimensional image data, then eachof the digitally constructed images may be two-dimensional images. Priordata comparator 180 may then attempt to register each of the digitallyconstructed images to the current image data 162 until registration issuccessful for one of the digitally constructed images. The perspectiveused to generate the registered digitally constructed image to the imagedata 162 is known, and so the three dimensional model may be registeredto the image data 162.

Once the prior image data has been registered to the current image data162 and transformed to match the current image data 162 as closely aspossible, the transformed previous image data (or a portion thereof) maybe used to generate visual overlay 164. For instance, the imageregistration may be used by the dental arch/oral cavity identifier 166to determine a position of a dental arch, oral cavity, or other featurebased on the alignment of the image data 162 to the previous patientdata 188. Accordingly, a patient's historical dentition as representedin the previous image data may be adjusted to a current view point of adental practitioner wearing an AR display. The AR device may thengenerate a visual overlay showing a treatment outcome superimposed overthe current view of the AR display.

AR display module 118 is responsible for determining how to present atreatment outcome on the AR display 150. In one embodiment, AR displaymodule 118 includes a visual overlay generator 184 that is responsiblefor generating the visual overlay 164 that may be superimposed over areal-world scene viewed by a dental practitioner or patient.Alternatively, AR display module 118 may generate a visual overlay 164that is the only scene viewed by a wearer of a VR display. The visualoverlay may be, for example, a virtual 3D model of a dental arch thatappears to float in front of a wearer of the VR display.

In the case where the AR display module 118 is creating a visual overlay164 for sending to an AR display (rather than to a VR display), thevisual overlay generator 184 may determine a position to project thevisual overlay 164 on the AR display 150 such that the visual overlay ispositioned in the line of sight of the dental practitioner or patientover the dental arch of the patient in the real-world scene viewed bythe dental practitioner or patient. For instance, the visual overlaygenerator 184 may determine from the position of the oral cavity ordental arch in the image data 162 a corresponding position to project afinal treatment outcome of the dental arch on the AR display 150. Insome embodiments, the AR system is a kiosk, mobile device, or otherdevice with a display screen that captures image data of a patient andprovides a video feed of the patient on a display. The visual overlaygenerator 184 may generate an overlay to modify the image data 162 toinclude a treatment outcome for the patient.

In some embodiments, a treatment planning module 120 is responsible forproviding an interface for a dental practitioner or a patient togenerate or modify a treatment outcome and a treatment plan for apatient. The interface may either be provided as part of an overlay on apatient's oral cavity or dental arch or as a virtual 2D or 3D model of adental arch representing the patient's treatment outcome. The virtual 2Dor 3D model of the dental arch may be shown separate from or togetherwith an image of the patient's face.

In some embodiments the treatment planning module 120 may provide datato the AR display module 118 to generate an overlay of a generatedtreatment outcome on a patient's face. The treatment planning module 120may then identify one or more features in the patient's face or thetreatment outcome and provide an indication of those features. Forexample, the treatment planning module 120 may provide an indication ofthe midline of a current dental arch, the dental arch in a treatmentoutcome, the patient's face, or a combination of midlines. The treatmentplanning module 120 may also provide an indication that a treatmentoutcome may be too narrow or too wide based on the overlay with thepatient's face.

In some embodiments, the treatment planning module 120 may provide avirtual 2D or 3D model of a patient's dental arch to the AR displaymodule 118 to provide a visual overlay of the patient's dental arch. Forinstance, a visual overlay may include an enlarged version of thevirtual 2D or 3D model of a patient's dental arch. The virtual 2D or 3Dmodel of the dental arch may then be manipulated by the patient or thedental practitioner to update a treatment outcome. For instance, apatient may customize a dental arch to include a small gap in themidline or introduce another feature that an idealized treatment outcomemay not include, but that the patient finds desirable.

In order to plan a treatment outcome, the treatment planning module 120may include an outcome simulator 176. The outcome simulator 176 may takeimage data 162, previous patient data 188 (e.g., a 3D model of thepatient's dental arch), reference data 190, and/or other data andgenerate a treatment outcome for the patient's dentition. The outcomesimulator 176 may generate an idealized version of the patient'sdentition based on algorithms that position the teeth to propercurvature and position relative to one another.

In some embodiments, the outcome simulator 176 may also provideinformation on treatment outcomes that are modified by a patient ordental practitioner. The outcome simulator 176 may have a set of rulesthat describe valid and invalid positions of various teeth. Forinstance, rules may determine invalid curvatures of a dental arch, teeththat overlap, teeth that are too close together, teeth that are too farapart, or the like. The outcome simulator 176 may update a treatmentoutcome based on input from a dental practitioner or a patient. Theoutcome simulator 176 may then determine whether such a treatmentoutcome is valid or may need to be changed further before it is decidedupon as a final treatment outcome for the patient's treatment.

In some embodiments, the outcome simulator 176 may provide additionalinformation regarding cephalometric analysis of a patient. The outcomesimulator 176 may determine one or more cephalometric characteristicsbased on received image data 162 or intraoral scan or x-ray data inprevious patient data 186. The x-ray data may include a cone beamtomography (CBCT) image, a panoramic x-ray image, one or moretraditional x-ray images, and the like. The cephalometriccharacteristics may include one or more distances or angles describingthe position of features of the patient's face relative to each other.In some embodiments, the outcome simulator 176 may estimate changes tothe cephalometric characteristics based on a treatment outcome for thepatient. If the treatment outcome is updated by the patient or dentalpractitioner, the cephalometric analysis may be updated accordingly.Thus, as the treatment outcome is updated, the cephalometriccharacteristics may also be updated. The treatment planning module 120may provide the cephalometric analysis to the AR display module 118 toprovide as a visual overlay. For instance, alignment indicators,distance indicators, or angle indicators may be provided as part of avisual overlay that shows characteristics of a patient's face. In someembodiments, if the cephalometric analysis is based on intraoral scan orx-ray data, the scan or x-ray data may be superimposed as a visualoverlay on the patient's face in addition or alternative to particularcephalometric characteristics.

In some embodiments, virtual interface module 121 is responsible forenabling a user (e.g., a dental practitioner) to interface with dentaldata such as a virtual 3D model of a dental arch from medical records194. In some embodiments, the virtual interface module 121 is acomponent of treatment planning module 120. Virtual interface module 121may have a tool identifier 170 that identifies and tracks the positionof one or more tools or instruments used by a dental practitioner or apatient. In some embodiments, a tool may be identified based on theimage data 162. For instance, if a user is holding a haptic feedbackdevice, stylus or other object that is captured in the image data 162,the tool identifier may identify the device and determine a position ofthe device. The tool identifier 170 may identify an input device basedon the input device having a detectable patient identifier, a detectableinput device identifier, or a detectable geometric configuration. Theinput device may be mapped to a rendering of a virtual 3D model of adental arch so that any change in the position and/or orientation of theinput device causes a corresponding position and/or orientation of arendering of the virtual 3D model in a visual overlay.

Additionally, for some input devices (tools), the position of the deviceand any signals received from the device may be used to update atreatment outcome based on interactions by the user. In someembodiments, tools include sensors that may be used to facilitatetracking by the tool identifier 170. This may increase an accuracy oftracking the tools verses relying solely on tracking of the tools fromthe image data 162. For example, dental tools may includeaccelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetic tracking sensors, or the like. Aposition of the image capture device on the tool, a field of view of theimage capture device, etc. may be known, and a relative position of theimage capture device to a tool tip (or other interactive portion of atool) may be known. Accordingly, captured images may be registered tothe virtual 3-D model to accurately determine a position and orientationof the dental tool relative to the virtual 3-D model of the dental arch.

In some embodiments, the tool identifier 170 may include tool profilesthat are usable to identify particular dental tools in the image data162. A tool profile for a particular tool or input device may includethe geometrical configuration of the particular tool and/or a toolidentifier associated with that tool. Based on the tool profiles, toolidentifier 170 may determine a type of tool, a position of the tooland/or an orientation of the tool. The outcome simulator 176 may useinformation about the type and position of a tool to determine how auser is changing a treatment outcome.

The treatment planning module 120 may update a treatment outcome basedon interactions of an identified tool with a virtual model in a visualoverlay of the treatment outcome. For instance, when a tool is in aposition corresponding to the virtual position of a tooth in a virtual3D model of the dental arch, the treatment planning module 120 may trackthe movement of the tool to determine a corresponding change to thetooth. The treatment planning module 120 may then determine an update tothe treatment outcome based on the change to the tooth. If the tooth istouching another tooth, then moving the one tooth may also cause theadjacent tooth to also move. If the tool is interacting with aparticular element of the treatment outcome, such as a tooth, a gumline, or another feature, the changes to the position of the tool may beused to change the position of the element in the treatment outcome.Thus, if the tool pushes, pulls, rotates, or otherwise changes positionof the element, the element of the treatment outcome that the tool isinteracting with may change position or orientation accordingly. In someembodiments, the treatment planning module 120 may update other elementsof the treatment outcome as necessary to enable the update. For example,other teeth may be moved in response to an update to a first toothindicated by tool.

In one embodiment, virtual interface module 121 includes a hapticsmodule 177. A dental practitioner may wear haptics gloves that arecapable of providing forces, vibrations and/or motions to the dentalpractitioner. Alternatively, or additionally, a stylus, pointer, orother instrument used by the dental practitioner or patient may includehaptics components that can provide such forces, vibrations and/ormotions. The outcome simulator 176 may provide indications to thehaptics module 177 about the state of changes to the treatment outcomeas it is updated by a user. For instance, the outcome simulator 176 mayprovide an indication to the haptics module 177 when an update to thetreatment outcome is proposed by a user. For example, when user input isreceived that indicates a position of a tip of a haptics pointer orstylus has touched a tooth, then a haptic feedback may be generated toprovide a touch sensation. Different haptic feedback may be providedwhen the haptics device interfaces with hard elements (e.g., teeth) vs.soft elements (e.g., gums) in the virtual 2D or 3D model of the dentalarch. The haptic gloves and/or dental tool may then provide a force,vibration or motion to indicate a status of a change to the treatmentoutcome and/or the interaction with the virtual 2D or 3D modelrepresented in the visual overlay 164.

In some embodiments, the outcome simulator 176 may determine a status ofa change to a treatment plan based on the rules used by the outcomesimulator. The outcome simulator 176 may provide a first signal to thehaptics module 177 to provide a first feedback level or sensation when auser first interacts with an element of a treatment outcome. Forexample, haptic feedback may be provided when a user begins to changethe position of a tooth. A second haptic feedback level may be providedif the user attempts to position the tooth in an invalid position or ifthe user attempts to move a tooth through another tooth. Other levels ofhaptic feedback may also be provided based on other changes to thetreatment outcome.

In one embodiment, AR processing module 108 includes medical recordinterface module 192. Medical record interface module 192 is responsiblefor automatically retrieving patient data for a particular patient whenappropriate. Medical record interface module 192 may include a medicalrecord identification module 193 and a data (e.g., dental data)retriever 194.

Medical record identification module 193 searches within image data 162for a patient identifier. Once a patient identifier is detected withinimage data 162, medical record identification module 193 invokes dataretriever 194, which retrieves patient data (e.g., dental data) usingthe patient identifier. Data retriever 194 may make a query to adatabase that stores the patient data 188. The query may include thepatient identifier as a key. The database may then respond by sendingpatient data such as x-rays, images, patient history, virtual 3D models,etc. to AR processing module 108.

FIGS. 2-13 below describe example applications of AR enhancements for adental practitioner or patient. The examples are described withreference to images representing an AR display provided to a dentalpractitioner or patient and/or flow charts describing processes ofgenerating or providing such AR displays. In addition, the flow chartsprovide example processes that may be performed by an AR system.However, the processes performed by the AR system may include fewer oradditional blocks than shown, and in some embodiments the processes inthe flow charts may be performed in a different order than shown.

The methods depicted in FIGS. 2-13 may be performed by a processinglogic that may comprise hardware (e.g., circuitry, dedicated logic,programmable logic, microcode, etc.), software (e.g., instructions runon a processing device to perform hardware simulation), or a combinationthereof. Various embodiments may be performed by an AR system 100, acomputing device 105 and/or an AR processing module 108 as describedwith reference to FIGS. 1A-1B.

FIG. 2 illustrates a flow diagram for a method 200 of providing atreatment outcome as a visual overlay, in accordance with an embodiment.At block 210 of method 200, processing logic receives image data of adental arch from an image capture device of an augmented reality system.

At block 215, processing logic determines a treatment outcome based onthe dental arch. In some embodiments, the treatment outcome may be baseddirectly on the image data received in block 210. In some embodiments,the treatment outcome may be based on other information such as a 3Dmodel or scanned image data associated with a patient. The treatmentoutcome may be, for example an orthodontic treatment outcome that showsa person's teeth in a straightened and aligned arrangement. In oneembodiment, the treatment outcome may have already been determined basedon performing an intraoral scan of the patient's oral cavity, generatingan initial virtual 3D model of the patient's dental arches, and thengenerating a final virtual 3D model of the target dental arches for thepatient as they will be after orthodontic treatment. Alternatively, thetreatment outcome may be a potential treatment outcome that may becomputed automatically based on the received image data. The potentialtreatment outcome may have a lower accuracy, but may provide a goodvisualization of what the person's teeth might look like afterorthodontic treatment or other dental treatment.

At block 220, processing logic determines a position of a mouth, adental arch, or other parameters based on the image data. For example,the mouth position may be determined relative to the position of animaging device that is providing image data to the AR device. The dentalarch position may also be determined relative to an AR display. Otherparameters may include the shape of a mouth or oral cavity, areas of amouth that are covered by lips of a patient, or additional parametersindicating a position and shape of a patient's mouth. In one embodiment,a focal length and/or field of view (FOV) of the image capture deviceused to generate the image data is used in determining the position ofthe mouth and dental arch. The focal length may be known a priori, ormay be determined.

Processing logic may determine a perspective of the AR display relativeto the position of the dental arch as viewed in the image data. In oneembodiment, processing logic generates a plurality of perspective viewimages of the 3-D model. Processing logic may then compare the imagedata of the dental arch to the plurality of perspective view images toidentify a perspective view image for which the model in the perspectiveview image most closely matches the dental arch in the image. Processinglogic may then determine a portion of the virtual three-dimensionalmodel that would be visible from the perspective of the AR display basedon the size and shape of the dental arch that is viewable in the imagedata.

At block 225, processing logic may estimate an AR display position basedon the image data. For example, the position of the image capture devicein the AR display may be determined relative to the mouth of a patient.This may be used to determine a placement of an overlay of thedetermined treatment outcome. In some embodiments, the position of theAR display may also be determined.

In one embodiment, the image data includes an image of the AR displayitself (e.g., if the image data is from a user wearing the AR displaylooking in a mirror). There may be a fixed distance between the ARdisplay and an upper dental arch of the patient or wearer. This fixeddistance may be determined based on identifying the AR display and theupper dental arch in the image data and measuring a distance between theAR display and the upper dental arch. There may be a known relationshipbetween a position of the upper dental arch and possible positions ofthe lower dental arch. Accordingly, once the position of the upperdental arch is known, processing logic may search for the lower dentalarch within a narrowed region in the image data based on the knownpossible positions of the lower dental arch relative to the upper dentalarch. The area in the image data to search for the lower arch may bebased on a) the fixed distance between the upper arch and the imagecapture device of the AR display and) a modeled range of motion for thelower arch relative to the upper arch.

At block 240, processing logic generates a visual overlay comprising thedetermined treatment outcome. The visual overlay may include a twodimensional or three dimensional perspective of the portion of thevirtual three-dimensional model that would be visible from theperspective of the AR display. At block 250, processing logic outputsthe visual overlay to the AR display. The treatment outcome in thevisual overlay is superimposed on the AR display over a view of thedental arch at the determined mouth position. A determined shape of themouth may be used to determine a shape of the overlay of the treatmentoutcome.

Method 200 may be performed by a computing device of a user at theuser's home without the user having to visit a dentist office. Forexample, the user may download a program that includes an AR processingmodule. The user may indicate a brand of AR display that the user owns,and may then wear the AR display while looking in a mirror and smilingat home. Method 200 may then be performed by the AR processing moduleexecuting on the user's home computing device. The user mayalternatively install the program for the AR processing module on acomputing device (e.g., a tablet computer or mobile phone) that includesan image capture device and a display. The image capture device maygenerate a video of the user's face, and the AR processing module mayprocess the video to find the dental arch and replace it with acorrected dental arch, and may output to the display an altered versionof the video that includes the corrected dental arch in the user'smouth. In either example, the AR processing module may continue to trackthe user's mouth and dental arch, and may update the treatment outcomethat is shown based on changing lips, changes in the user's smile,movements in the user's head, and so on.

In some embodiments, the process described in FIG. 2 may be performedwith respect to an AR display device worn by a patient. The treatmentoutcome may then be used to provide a patient with a view of his ownsmile after a treatment is performed. FIG. 3 is an example of an ARdisplay 335 that includes a patient viewing a treatment outcome as anoverlay 330 on his mouth. In FIG. 3 the patient 310 is viewing a mirror320. In the mirror 320, the patient 310 may see himself, with atreatment overlay 330 that shows a planned treatment outcome for thepatient superimposed over the patient's current dentition. In someembodiments, processing logic may determine a position for the overlayas discussed with reference to FIG. 2. The processing logic may furtherbe configured to update a treatment outcome to appear in reverse tocorrespond to the orientation of a patient's mouth in a mirror 320. Insome embodiments, rather than a mirror 320, the overlay of a treatmentoutcome 330 may be displayed on a display screen that captures video ofa patient 310 and provides a video output with a treatment outcome 330.

FIG. 4 is an example of an AR display that includes a patient viewing atreatment outcome as an overlay 430 on her mouth. In FIG. 3 the patient410 is viewing an AR display screen 410. In the AR display screen 410,the patient may see herself, with a treatment overlay 430 that shows aplanned treatment outcome for the patient. In some embodiments,processing logic may determine a position for the overlay as discussedwith reference to FIG. 2. The processing logic may further be configuredto provide the treatment outcome based on image data of the patient. Insome embodiments, the AR display 410 may be a mobile device, kiosk, orother computing device. The AR display 410 may provide the overlay 430in response to a request to show a treatment outcome for a patient orpotential patient. The treatment outcome may be provided on a live videofeed of a patient so that the treatment outcome overlay 430 appears as anatural smile of the patient on the AR display 410. For example, a kioskmay include an image capture device and a display screen. The imagecapture device may take an image or live video of a smiling person, andthe processing logic may generate a visual overlay for the image orvideo. The image or video may then be displayed with the visual overlayon the display screen. The display screen may additionally includecontact information for one or more dental practitioners who can performorthodontic treatment on the person to achieve the treatment outcome.

FIG. 5 illustrates a flow diagram for a method 500 of updating atreatment outcome based on a midline of a simulated treatment outcomeand a midline of a patient's facial features. At block 510, processinglogic receives image data of a dental arch from an image capture deviceof an augmented reality system. At block 515, processing logicdetermines a treatment outcome based on the dental arch. In someembodiments, the treatment outcome may be based directly on the imagedata received in block 510. In some embodiments, the treatment outcomemay be based on other information such as a virtual 3D model of a finaldental arch for the patient or scanned image data associated with thepatient.

At block 520, processing logic determines a position of a midline of thedental arch in a treatment outcome and a midline of facial features of apatient. The midline of the dental arch may be determined as a linecorresponding to the middle of the two front teeth of the treatmentoutcome. The midline of features of a patient's face may be determinedbased on the midpoint between the patient's eyes, the alignment of apatient's nose or chin, the midpoint of other facial features of apatient, or based on other details of a patient's face.

At block 525, processing logic generates a visual overlay comprising thedetermined treatment outcome. To generate the overlay, processing logicmay estimate an AR display position based on the image data. Forexample, the position of an image capture device of the AR display maybe determined relative to the mouth of a patient. This may be used todetermine a placement of an overlay of the determined treatment outcome.In some embodiments, the position of the AR display may also bedetermined. The overlay may include a representation of a dental archand/or facial midline.

At block 530, processing logic may receive an update to the treatmentoutcome. For example, processing logic may receive user input thatadjusts the midline. The user input may be received via a hapticfeedback device interacting with a visual overlay of the treatmentoutcome. The update to the treatment outcome may be determined from theuser input. The update may include a change to a midline of the dentalarch. For example, the update may adjust the position of one or moreteeth in the patient's mouth to move the midline of the dental arch intoor closer to alignment with a midline of the patient's face. In someembodiments, processing logic may receive the update from a dentalpractitioner or a patient that is viewing the overlay of the treatmentoutcome. In some embodiments, the treatment outcome may be updatedautomatically based on the determined midlines.

At block 535, processing logic updates the visual overlay based on thereceived update to the treatment outcome. For example, if a midline of adental arch was brought closer to the midline of a patient's face, thetreatment outcome may be adjusted with the new midlines andcorresponding positions of the patient's teeth. This may includeupdating a virtual 3D model of a dental arch of the patient.

At block 540, processing logic may determine whether a final treatmentoutcome is accepted. If a final outcome has not been accepted, theprocessing logic may return to block 520 to determine new midlines for apatient and further adjust the treatment outcome and visual overlay ofthe treatment outcome for a patient. If a final outcome has beenaccepted, the method 500 may end. In some embodiments, a similar processto that described with reference 500 may be used to provide additionalupdates to a treatment outcome. For instance, alternative to or inaddition to providing an indication of midline alignment, processinglogic may provide a visual overlay with additional information that maybe used to update a treatment outcome. As an example, processing logicmay provide an indication that a treatment outcome has a dental archthat is narrow when compared to the shape of a patient's mouth. Theindication may be provided by comparing the outer portion of a patient'ssmile to the outer portion of a patient's dental arch. The visualoverlay may then indicate that there is a gap between the positions. Ifa corresponding update is made to a treatment outcome, the visualoverlay may be updated with a corresponding update to the treatmentoutcome.

FIG. 6 is an example illustration of a portion 600 of a view of an ARdisplay having overlay indicators of a first midline 630 of a patient'sdental arch and a second midline 610 of the patient's facial features,according to an embodiment. The example overlay shown in FIG. 6, may begenerated accordingly to method 500 described above, for example. In theexample overlay, first midline 610 of a patient's face and secondmidline 620 of a patient's dental arch is shown. The visual overlay 630may show a treatment outcome that is currently planned for the patient.In the portion of the AR display 600, the midlines 610, 620 are notaligned. Accordingly, after displaying the visual overlay 630,processing logic may receive an indication of an update to the treatmentoutcome. The update may be received based on user input of the dentalpractitioner or patient interacting with the visual overlay of thetreatment outcome (e.g., touching a virtual 3D model in a VR image usinga haptic device). For instance, an update may move the midlines closerto alignment by moving the second midline 620. The processing logic maythen update the treatment outcome and the visual overlay of thetreatment outcome. New midlines of a patient's face and dental arch maybe displayed as a visual overlay. The process of updating the treatmentoutcome may be repeated until it is accepted by a patient or a dentalpractitioner.

FIG. 7 illustrates a flow diagram for a method 700 of updating atreatment outcome based on cephalometric analysis of a patient's facialfeatures. Cephalometric analysis of a patient's facial features mayprovide information such as alignment of a patient's nose, chin, eyes,ears, and other facial features. As a dental arch is changed for apatient, one or more cephalometric characteristics may also be changed.For example, the position of a patient's chin relative to the patient'snose may change if the position of teeth on the lower jaw and/or theposition of the lower jaw itself are changed. A simulated treatmentoutcome may indicate those changes based on an estimated final position.In the flow diagram of method 700, at block 710 processing logicreceives image data of a dental arch from an image capture device of anaugmented reality system. At block 715, processing logic determines atreatment outcome based on the dental arch. In some embodiments, thetreatment outcome may be based directly on the image data received inblock 710. In some embodiments, the treatment outcome may be based onother information such as a 3D model of the dental arch, x-ray data ofthe dental arch, and/or scanned image data associated with a patient.

At block 720, processing logic determines a cephalometric characteristicof a patient's face. In some embodiments, the cephalometric analysis maybe performed based on the image data received at block 710. In someembodiments, the cephalometric analysis may be performed based on x-rayor other scanned image data associated with the patient. The x-ray datamay include a cone beam tomography (CBCT) image, a panoramic x-rayimage, one or more traditional x-ray images, and the like.

At block 725, processing logic generates a visual overlay comprising thedetermined treatment outcome. To generate the overlay, processing logicmay estimate an AR display position based on the image data. Forexample, the position of an image capture device of the AR display maybe determined relative to the mouth of a patient. This may be used todetermine a placement of a visual overlay of the determined treatmentoutcome. In some embodiments, the position of the AR display may also bedetermined. The overlay may include a representation of a dental archand/or facial features.

At block 730, processing logic may receive an update to the treatmentoutcome. The update may include a change to treatment outcome to changea shape of a dental arch and/or relationship between an upper dentalarch and a lower dental arch (e.g., showing a standard bite, overbite,under bite, etc.). The change to the shape of the dental arch and/orrelationship between the upper and lower dental arch may change thecephalometric analysis of a simulated treatment outcome. For example,the update may adjust the position of one or more teeth and/or dentalarch in the patient's mouth. The change may update the position of apatient's chin relative to the patient's nose. In some embodiments, theprocessing logic may receive the update from a dental practitioner or apatient that is viewing the visual overlay of the treatment outcome. Insome embodiments, the treatment outcome may be updated automaticallybased on the cephalometric analysis.

At block 735, processing logic updates the visual overlay based on thereceived update to the treatment outcome. For example, the treatmentoutcome may be adjusted and a new visual overlay may be generated thathas the new treatment outcome and updated cephalometric analysis basedon the new treatment outcome.

At block 741, processing logic may determine whether a final treatmentoutcome is accepted. If a final outcome has not been accepted, theprocessing logic may return to block 740 to determine new midlines for apatient and further adjust the treatment outcome and visual overlay ofthe treatment outcome for a patient. If a final outcome has beenaccepted, the method 700 may end.

FIG. 8 is an example illustration of a portion 600 of a view of an ARdisplay having overlay indicators of a cephalometric analysis performedof a patient's dental arch and facial features, according to anembodiment. The example overlay shown in FIG. 8 may be generatedaccordingly to method 700 described above, for example. In the exampleoverlay, a patient's face 610 and an overlay 620 of a number ofcephalometric characteristics is shown. The overlay 620 may showcephalometric features based on the patient's current dental arch, basedon a current treatment outcome, or both a current dental arch and atreatment outcome that is currently planned for the patient. In theportion of the AR display 800, a patient or dental practitioner maydetermine that after a treatment outcome, one or more cephalometriccharacteristics may be undesirable. Accordingly, after displaying thevisual overlay 820, the processing logic may receive an indication of anupdate to the treatment outcome. For instance, an update may move theposition of one or more teeth to adjust the position of a patient's chinrelative to the patient's nose. The update may be received based on userinput of the dental practitioner or patient interacting with the visualoverlay of the treatment outcome (e.g., touching a virtual 3D model in aVR image using a haptic device). The processing logic may then updatethe treatment outcome and the visual overlay of the treatment outcome.New cephalometric characteristics of a patient's face and dental archmay be displayed as a visual overlay. The process of updating thetreatment outcome may be repeated until it is accepted by a patient or adental practitioner.

FIG. 9 illustrates a flow diagram for a method 900 of providing a visualoverlay of a treatment outcome and updating the treatment outcome. Inthe flow diagram 900, at block 910, processing logic receives datarepresenting a dental arch. The data representing the dental arch may bea virtual 3D model based on an intraoral scan of a patient's dentalcavity, image data from an image capture device, x-ray images of thedental arch, and/or other data that provides information about theconfiguration of features in a patient's dental arch. At block 920,processing logic determines a treatment outcome based on the dentalarch. In some embodiments, the treatment outcome may be generated by anAR system and/or treatment planning system, or another computing system,to satisfy a set of idealized parameters for a dental arch.

In one embodiment, the treatment outcome may have already beendetermined based on performing an intraoral scan of the patient's oralcavity, generating an initial virtual 3D model of the patient's dentalarches, and then generating a final virtual 3D model of the targetdental arches for the patient as they will be after orthodontictreatment.

At block 930, processing logic provides a visual overlay of thetreatment outcome for output on an AR display of an augmented realitysystem or a VR display of a VR system. In some embodiments, the visualoverlay may be provided as a virtual 2D or 3D model of a dental arch (orupper and lower dental arch) showing the treatment outcome. For example,a virtual 3D model of the dental arches showing the treatment outcomemay be provided as a visual overlay. The virtual 3D model may beenlarged such that details of the treatment outcome may be more easilyseen by a user. The visual overlay may be provided to a dentalpractitioner so that the practitioner can update a treatment outcomebased on additional clinical information. In some embodiments, theoverlay may be provided to a patient such that the patient can see atreatment outcome and make any modifications to meet the patient'spreferences. In some embodiments, a patient and a dental practitionermay both have an AR display or VR display that provides an overlay foreach. The patient and the dental practitioner may both see and interactwith a visual overlay simultaneously to design a treatment outcome thatsatisfies the dental practitioner and the patient.

In some embodiments, image data such as x-ray image data is registeredwith the virtual 2D or 3D model and displayed together with the virtual2D or 3D data. For example, a cephalogram, a panoramic x-ray image, aCBCT image, and/or other x-ray image may be used to display bonestructure, facial structure and/or root information of teeth in thevirtual 2D or 3D model. Additionally, one or more facial photographs maybe used to superimpose a virtual 2D or 3D image of the patient's faceover the virtual 2D or 3D model of the dental arch. In some instances,the facial photographs may be of the patient smiling. The superpositionof a virtual 2D or 3D model of the patient's face and the virtual 2D or3D model of the patient's dental arches may be used to show darktriangles at the corners of the patient's mouth (e.g., if the patient'sdental arch is too narrow for the patient's smile) and/or to showwhether the patient will show gums when the patient smiles after thetreatment outcome.

At block 935, processing logic identifies a tool in image data receivedfrom an image capture device. For example, a tool may be a hapticfeedback device, stylus, glove, or other instrument. The processinglogic may identify the tool based on the shape, color, or othercharacteristic of the tool. In some embodiments, the processing logicmay track the tool based on a tracker coupled to the tool. In someembodiments, the processing logic may identify the tool based on avisual indicator on the tool. For example, a QR code, a barcode, oranother visual indicator may be included on the tool that isidentifiable to the AR device. Additionally or alternatively, othertypes of data may be used to track the tools, such as magnetic data,radiofrequency (RF) data (e.g., using triangulation and time of flightto multiple transmitters or receivers), accelerometer data, gyroscopedata, and so on.

At block 940, processing logic may determine an update to the treatmentoutcome based on a position or movement of the tool. For example, theprocessing logic may determine that the position of the tool correspondsto a virtual position of the virtual 3D model of the dental arch in thevisual overlay of the treatment outcome. An interaction with the tooland the virtual 3D model of the visual overlay of the treatment outcomemay indicate an update to the treatment outcome. The interaction of thetool with the virtual 3D model of the dental arch may cause a position,orientation and/or shape of one or more teeth in the dental arch tochange. For example, tooth adjustments such as translations, rotations,angulation, extrusion/intrusion, and so on may be made directly with thevirtual 3D model. Alternatively, or additionally, the dentalpractitioner may make adjustments using a combination of hand gestures,voice commands and/or gaze vector tracking. Some examples of handgestures include pincer gestures with a user's index finger and thumb toselect a tooth in a 3D virtual model of a dental arch and/or to move theselected tooth, a tap gesture to select a tooth, a grab and move gestureto change a location of the 3D virtual model, a grab and twist gestureto rotate the 3D virtual model, and so on. Some examples of voicecommands include a rotate model voice command, a select treatment stagevoice command, an add attachment voice command, a save voice command, anundo voice command, and so on.

Some AR displays such as Microsoft Hololens tracks a user's gaze todetermine where a user is looking, and thus determine a user's intent.Gaze may be detected based on head position and orientation rather thaneye tracking, though eye tracking may also be used. By tracking gaze(e.g., using the Gaze feature of Microsoft Hololens), processing logicmay place a visual cursor in the center of the dental practitioner'sview to let the dental practitioner know which tooth they are about tointeract with. The dental practitioner could then interact with anindividual tooth using hand gestures or voice commands. To move acentral incisor 0.1 mm to the left, for example, the dental practitionerwould first look at the tooth. Then using an index finger the dentalpractitioner may gesture a tap-and-hold command followed by a movementcommand to the left. Or the doctor could simply say “move tooth numbereight by point one millimeters to the left” using a voice command.Accordingly, there are numerous ways to interface with the virtual 2D or3D model of the dental arch.

A change to the virtual 3D model of the dental arch may be used tocompute a new treatment outcome. Examples of changes include rotationsof one or more teeth, position change of one or more teeth, a change inthe bit position for the jaw, a change in the arch width (and thus anincrease or reduction in dark triangles at the edges of the patient'smouth during smiles), and so on.

In an example, a haptic feedback glove or stylus may be tracked and whenthe glove reaches a position of the virtual 3D model in the visualoverlay of the treatment outcome, the processing logic may determinethat the user is attempting to move a portion or element of the virtual3D model in the treatment outcome that the haptic feedback glove orstylus is touching. In some embodiments, the processing logic may alsoreceive other input indicating the change. For instance, a button orother interactive element of the tool may provide input to theprocessing logic in response to an interaction from the user. Theprocessing logic may then determine based on the input that the user ismaking a change to the treatment outcome.

At block 945, the processing logic may determine whether an update tothe virtual 3D model and/or treatment outcome satisfies a threshold. Thethreshold may be an initial interaction with the virtual 3D model, anamount of movement of an element of the virtual 3D model, an interactionof an element moved in the virtual 3D model with other elements of thevirtual 3D model or the like. For example, the threshold may be set suchthat it is satisfied if a treatment outcome rule is violated or anupdate to the treatment outcome would result in an invalid outcome. Ifthe threshold is satisfied, the processing logic may proceed to block950 and provide haptic feedback indicating that the update satisfies thethreshold. In some embodiments, the processing logic may determine if anupdate to a treatment outcome satisfies more than one threshold. Forexample, there may be multiple thresholds with a first thresholdindicating a first interaction with an element of a virtual 3D model ofa dental arch, a second threshold indicating a movement of the element,and a third threshold indicating that the element has been moved amaximum amount or to an invalid position. In various embodiments,different haptic feedback may be provided in response to differentinteractions of a user with a virtual 3D model and/or treatment outcomein a visual overlay.

At block 955, processing logic updates the visual overlay based on thereceived update to the virtual 3D model and/or treatment outcome.Additionally, the virtual 2D or 3D model of the patient's face may beupdated, and a smile of the patient may be updated based on asuperposition of the updated virtual 2D or 3D model of the dental archand the updated virtual 2D or 3D model of the patient's face. Forexample, the treatment outcome may be adjusted and a new visual overlaymay be generated that has the new treatment outcome and updatedcephalometric analysis based on the new treatment outcome. At block 960,the updated visual overlay may be provided to the AR display.

At block 965, the processing logic may determine whether a final outcomehas been accepted. If the treatment outcome has not been accepted, theprocessing logic may return to block 940 to determine new midlines for apatient and further adjust the treatment outcome and visual overlay ofthe treatment outcome for a patient. If a final outcome has beenaccepted, the method 900 may end.

Method 900 has been described with reference to visualizing a treatmentoutcome. However, method 900 may also be used to visualize anintermediate treatment stage in a multi-stage treatment. For example,orthodontic treatment often includes multiple treatment stages, whereeach treatment stage may have a different target dental arch. A virtual2D or 3D model of the dental arch may be generated for each treatmentstage, and method 900 may be used to visualize and adjust the virtual 2Dor 3D dental arch of any treatment stage.

Additionally, a dental practitioner and a patient may both wear an ARdisplay or VR display and view the same treatment outcome or treatmentstage. The patient and dental practitioner may walk around the virtual3D model of the dental arch, and the dental practitioner may show thepatient the staging of tooth movements and final tooth position. Thedental practitioner may walk the patient step-by-step through each stageof treatment using hand gestures and/or voice commands to switch betweentreatment stages shown and/or adjust a view of the virtual 3D model fora treatment stage.

The patient may also be shown a virtual 3D model of the patient'scurrent dental arch (e.g., pre-treatment). Any imperfections of thepatient's dental arch may be highlighted so that the dental practitionercan call them to the attention of the patient. The patient may be ableto touch their teeth, push and rotate them as they want, and so on.

Method 900 may be performed by a patient after a treatment plan has beengenerated for that patient. The patient may then adjust the treatmentoutcome based on that patient's own aesthetics. The patient may havecustomized options for moving final tooth positions, making teethslightly crooked, adding a small gap between teeth, and so on. Thechanges that the patient is allowed to make may be limited to changesthat are not clinically significant (e.g., changes that will notintroduce a malocclusion, interfering contacts, and so on. Accordingly,any changes that are for health reasons of the patient may not beinterfered with. However, the patient may be able to adjust aestheticaspects of the treatment outcome. This may empower the patient so thatthey feel that they are in control and have the power to rearrange theirteeth to the results that they would like.

FIG. 10 is an example illustration of a portion 1000 of a view of an ARdisplay showing a treatment outcome, according to an embodiment. Thetreatment outcome may include all or a portion of a patient's dentalarch. As shown in the AR display, the treatment outcome may be a 3Dmodel. A user may interact with the 3D model to update the treatmentoutcome. In an example, the user may interact with the 3D model using ahaptic feedback device 1010. The haptic feedback device 1010 mayinteract with the 3D model as it approaches a position corresponding toa virtual position of the visual overlay of the treatment outcome.Additionally, the tooth that the haptic feedback device 1010 interactswith may be modified based on the interaction. In response to the hapticfeedback device 1010 interacting with the visual overlay of the virtual3D model of the treatment outcome, the virtual 3D model and treatmentoutcome may be modified. The process of updating the treatment outcomemay be repeated until it is accepted by a patient or a dentalpractitioner.

FIG. 11 illustrates a flow diagram for a method 1100 of using an ARdevice to retrieve dental data, in accordance with an embodiment. Method1100 may be started by a user launching an application or program, or bya user pressing a scan or identify button, for example. At block 1110 ofmethod 1100, processing logic receives image data from an image capturedevice associated with an AR display. At block 1115, processing logicprocesses the image data to identify a patient identifier in the imagedata. The patient identifier may be a unique pattern usable to identifya patient. In one embodiment, the patient identifier is a 2D or 3Dbarcode. In such an embodiment, at block 1120 processing logicidentifies the 2D or 3D barcode in the image data. For example,processing logic may perform object detection to identify a barcode, andmay then apply a barcode reader logic to convert the barcode into anumerical value. Alternatively, the patient identifier may be anumerical, alphanumerical or textual value, which may be identifiedusing object identification techniques that look for numbers in theimages. In one embodiment, the patient identifier is an image. The imagemay be a unique image that has been associated with a patient. Theunique image may be any type of image, such as an image of a cat, a dog,a tree, a house, and so on. In one embodiment, a feature vector of theimage is generated, and the feature vector is used as the patientidentifier and sent to a data store for searching the data store for aparticular medical record associated with a matching feature vector.Alternatively, the image may be an image of a patient's face. In such anembodiment, at block 1125 processing logic performs facialidentification as known in the art to identify a face in the image data.Processing logic then performs facial recognition as known in the art torecognize the identified face as being a particular face. The recognizedface may be used to identify a specific medical record associated with aparticular patient face.

At block 1132, processing logic determines whether a patient identifierwas detected in the image data. If a patient identifier was detected,the method continues to block 1135. If no patient identifier wasdetected, the method continues to block 1134. At block 1134, processinglogic determines whether to continues scanning for a patient identifier.A user may select to continue scanning or to terminate scanning, forexample. If processing logic determines to continues scanning, themethod returns to block 1110. If processing logic determines toterminate scanning the method ends.

At block 1135, processing logic determines a medical record associatedwith the patient ID. At block 1140, processing logic retrieves dentaldata (or other patient data) included in the medical record. In oneembodiment, processing logic makes a query to a medical record databaseusing the patient identifier as a key. For example, an API for a medicalrecord database may be used to search the medical record database usingthe patient identifier. A response to the query may be an indicationthat the patient identifier is associated with a medical record as wellas patient data included in the medical record. In one embodiment,processing logic receives a list of the available patient data, andprocessing logic selects some or all of the patient data based on userselection.

The patient data may include a virtual 3D model of a dental arch for thepatient. At block 1145, processing logic generates a rendering of thevirtual 3D model. At block 1150, processing logic outputs the patientdata (dental data) to the AR display. This may include outputting therendering of the virtual 3D model to the AR display. The patient datamay be output as a visual overlay that is projected onto a lens of theAR display.

FIG. 12 illustrates a flow diagram for a method 1200 of using an ARdevice to retrieve dental data and interact with the dental data, inaccordance with an embodiment. At block 1210, a dental practitionerpulls up a patient record (medical record for a patient) on a dentalrecord management system (e.g., a medical record database). At block1215, the dental record is printed with a patient identifier, but withno dental data. The printout may be on a piece of paper or on a screenof a device such as a tablet computer, a desktop computer, a mobilephone, a laptop computer, etc. Anyone looking at the printout will seethe patient identifier, but will not see, for example, a patient name,age, gender, dental data, etc.

At block 1220, the dental practitioner puts on an AR display and looksat the printout of the dental record (the printout with the patientidentifier). At block 1225, a computing device of the AR display or acomputing device in communication with the AR display searches imagedata from the AR display and locates the patient identifier on theprintout. At block 1235, the computing device makes a server call to thedental record management system and retrieves dental data associatedwith the patient identifier. The dental data (e.g., scans, images, a 3Dvirtual model, other patient information, etc.) is then output to the ARdisplay. This enables the dental practitioner to view the dental dataafter viewing the patient identifier. However, no one else seeing thedental record (printout) would be able to view any of the dental data.Dental data may be repositioned using an input device with a button fordragging and dropping, using voice commands, using gesture commends(with a user's hands or an input device), and so on.

At block 1245, the dental practitioner may move or reposition renderingsof the dental data that are shown in the AR display. The dentalpractitioner may move dental data about within the FOV of the AR displayand/or may position some or all of the dental data outside of the FOV ofthe AR display. The dental practitioner may turn their head to changethe area in the FOV to view the dental data.

At block 1250, the dental practitioner may interact with the dental dataand/or manipulate the dental data (e.g., a 3D model of a dental arch) asdesired. Such interaction may be via a haptics device, voice commands,hand gestures, and so on. In one embodiment, the 3D model of the dentalarch is mapped or locked to an object in the FOV of the AR display. Thedental practitioner may manipulate the object to change the positionand/or orientation of the 3D model. For example, the dental practitionermay rotate the object to cause the 3D model to also rotate.

FIG. 13 illustrates a flow diagram for a method 1300 of using an objectto control the position and orientation of a virtual 3D model of adental arch that is displayed in an AR display, in accordance with anembodiment. At block 1310 of method 1300, processing logic receivesimage data from an image capture device associated with an AR display.At block 1315, processing logic detects an object in the image data thatsatisfies a mapping or locking criterion. In one embodiment, the objectincludes a patient identifier, and processing logic detects the patientidentifier in the object at block 1320. In one embodiment, the objectincludes a user input identifier, which may be similar to a patientidentifier but may be associated with a type of input device rather thanwith a medical record. In one embodiment, the object is held in a userhand. In one embodiment, at block 1325 processing logic performs objectidentification to identify a hand of a user in the image data.Processing logic then performs object identification to identify anobject in the hand. Processing logic may then record a shape of theobject in the hand. In one embodiment, image processing is performed toidentify an object in the image data that has a particular knowngeometrical configuration (e.g., a particular size and shape). Theparticular geometrical configuration may be associated with a knowninput device.

At block 1338, processing logic determines a position and/or orientationof the object. Alternatively, or additionally, processing logic maydetermine a position and/or orientation of a patient identifier or inputdevice identifier on the object. At block 1340, processing logic maps orlocks the position and/or orientation of the object to the positionand/or orientation of a rendering of a virtual 3D model. Accordingly,processing logic sets a position and/or orientation of the rendering ofthe virtual 3D model based on the position and/or orientation of theobject.

At block 1342, processing logic determines whether the position and/ororientation of the object has changed. If so, the method continues toblock 1345. At block 1345, processing logic updates the position and/ororientation of the virtual 3D model for rendering based on the detectedchange in the objects position and/or orientation. For example, if theobject that is mapped to the virtual 3D model is a piece of paper with apatient ID printed thereon, then rotating the paper may cause arendering of the virtual 3D model to similarly rotate.

FIG. 14 illustrates a diagrammatic representation of a machine in theexample form of a computing device 1400 within which a set ofinstructions, for causing the machine to perform any one or more of themethodologies discussed herein, may be executed. In alternativeembodiments, the machine may be connected (e.g., networked) to othermachines in a Local Area Network (LAN), an intranet, an extranet, or theInternet. The machine may operate in the capacity of a server or aclient machine in a client-server network environment, or as a peermachine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. Themachine may be a personal computer (PC), a tablet computer, a set-topbox (STB), a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, aweb appliance, a server, a network router, switch or bridge, or anymachine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential orotherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further,while only a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shallalso be taken to include any collection of machines (e.g., computers)that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) ofinstructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussedherein. In one embodiment, the computer device 1400 corresponds tocomputing devices 105 of FIG. 1A.

The example computing device 1400 includes a processing device 1402, amain memory 1404 (e.g., read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, dynamicrandom access memory (DRAM) such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), etc.), astatic memory 1406 (e.g., flash memory, static random access memory(SRAM), etc.), and a secondary memory (e.g., a data storage device1428), which communicate with each other via a bus 1408.

Processing device 1402 represents one or more general-purpose processorssuch as a microprocessor, central processing unit, or the like. Moreparticularly, the processing device 1402 may be a complex instructionset computing (CISC) microprocessor, reduced instruction set computing(RISC) microprocessor, very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor,processor implementing other instruction sets, or processorsimplementing a combination of instruction sets. Processing device 1402may also be one or more special-purpose processing devices such as anapplication specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmablegate array (FPGA), a digital signal processor (DSP), network processor,or the like. Processing device 1402 is configured to execute theprocessing logic (instructions 1426) for performing operations and stepsdiscussed herein.

The computing device 1400 may further include a network interface device1422 for communicating with a network 1464. The computing device 1400also may include a video display unit 1410 (e.g., a liquid crystaldisplay (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT)), an alphanumeric input device1412 (e.g., a keyboard), a cursor control device 1414 (e.g., a mouse),and a signal generation device 1420 (e.g., a speaker).

The data storage device 1428 may include a machine-readable storagemedium (or more specifically a non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium) 1424 on which is stored one or more sets of instructions 1426embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions describedherein, such as instructions for an AR processing module 1450. Anon-transitory storage medium refers to a storage medium other than acarrier wave. The instructions 1426 may also reside, completely or atleast partially, within the main memory 1404 and/or within theprocessing device 1402 during execution thereof by the computer device1400, the main memory 1404 and the processing device 1402 alsoconstituting computer-readable storage media.

The computer-readable storage medium 1424 may also be used to store anAR processing module 1450, which may correspond to the similarly namedcomponent of FIGS. 1A-1B. The computer readable storage medium 1424 mayalso store a software library containing methods for an AR processingmodule 1450. While the computer-readable storage medium 1424 is shown inan example embodiment to be a single medium, the term “computer-readablestorage medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiplemedia (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associatedcaches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. Theterm “computer-readable storage medium” shall also be taken to includeany medium other than a carrier wave that is capable of storing orencoding a set of instructions for execution by the machine and thatcause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of thepresent invention. The term “computer-readable storage medium” shallaccordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-statememories, and optical and magnetic media.

It is to be understood that the above description is intended to beillustrative, and not restrictive. Many other embodiments will beapparent upon reading and understanding the above description. Althoughembodiments of the present invention have been described with referenceto specific example embodiments, it will be recognized that theinvention is not limited to the embodiments described, but can bepracticed with modification and alteration within the spirit and scopeof the appended claims. Accordingly, the specification and drawings areto be regarded in an illustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense.The scope of the invention should, therefore, be determined withreference to the appended claims, along with the full scope ofequivalents to which such claims are entitled.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: receiving image data of auser's face from an image capture device associated with an augmentedreality (AR) display used by the user, wherein the image data of theuser's face is received from the image capture device while the userviews their face through the AR display; processing, by a processingdevice, the image data to a) identify a mouth in the image data, b)identify a dental arch in the mouth, and c) determine a position of thedental arch relative to a position of the AR display; determining, bythe processing device, a treatment outcome for the dental arch;generating, by the processing device, a visual overlay comprising anindication of the treatment outcome at the determined position of thedental arch; and outputting the visual overlay to the AR display whilethe user views their face through the AR display, wherein the visualoverlay is superimposed over a view of the dental arch on the AR displaysuch that the visual overlay is visible to the user rather than a truedepiction of the dental arch, wherein a remainder of the user's facethat is not covered by the visual overlay is visible to the user.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising; tracking the position of thedental arch, a shape of the mouth, and exposed portions of the dentalarch; and updating the visual overlay in response to an update to atleast one of the position of the dental arch, the shape of the mouth orthe exposed portions of the dental arch.
 3. The method of claim 2,wherein tracking the position of the dental arch comprises: determiningan offset vector from the AR display to the position of the dental arch;identifying a change in the position of the AR display; and updating theposition of the dental arch in response to the change in the position ofthe AR display.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the AR displaycomprises AR eyewear or AR headwear and wherein outputting the visualoverlay comprises projecting the visual overlay onto the AR eyewear orthe AR headwear.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein outputting the visualoverlay to the AR display comprises: capturing a live video feed of theuser's face; and superimposing the treatment outcome over the view ofthe dental arch in each frame of the live video feed.
 6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein determining the treatment outcome for the dental archcomprises: generating a virtual three-dimensional model of the dentalarch that shows the dental arch after application of orthodontictreatment; determining a perspective of the AR display relative to theposition of the dental arch; determining a portion of the virtualthree-dimensional model that would be visible from the perspective ofthe AR display; and generating a two dimensional perspective of theportion of the virtual three-dimensional model that would be visiblefrom the perspective of the AR display.
 7. The method of claim 1,wherein the AR display is worn by the user as the user looks into amirror, and wherein the image data is a reflection of the user's face asshown in the mirror.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein determining thetreatment outcome comprises selecting a generic idealized upper dentalarch and a generic idealized lower dental arch.
 9. The method of claim7, wherein the image data comprises an image of the AR display, whereinthe dental arch comprises an upper arch and a lower arch, and whereinprocessing the image data comprises: determining a fixed distancebetween the upper arch of the user and the image capture device based onthe image data; and determining an area in the image data to search forthe lower arch based on a) the fixed distance between the upper arch andthe image capture device and b) a modeled range of motion for the lowerarch relative to the upper arch.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein theAR display comprises a kiosk.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the ARdisplay comprises a mobile computing device.
 12. The method of claim 1,wherein the dental arch comprises markers placed on one or more teeth ofthe dental arch, and wherein identifying the dental arch in the mouthcomprises identifying locations of the markers in the image data.
 13. Asystem comprising: an augmented reality (AR) display; an image capturedevice associated with the AR display, the image capture device togenerate image data of a face of a user of the AR display; and aprocessing device operatively coupled to the AR display and to the imagecapture device, wherein the processing device is to: receive the imagedata of the face of the user of the AR display; process the image datato a) identify a mouth in the image data, b) identify a dental arch inthe mouth, and c) determine a position of the dental arch relative to aposition of the AR display; determine a treatment outcome for the dentalarch; generate a visual overlay comprising an indication of thetreatment outcome at the determined position of the dental arch; andoutput the visual overlay to the AR display while the user views theirface through the AR display, wherein the visual overlay is superimposedover a view of the dental arch on the AR display such that the visualoverlay is visible to a viewer rather than a true depiction of thedental arch, wherein a remainder of the face that is not covered by thevisual overlay is visible to the viewer.
 14. The system of claim 13,wherein the processing device is further to: track the position of thedental arch, a shape of the mouth, and exposed portions of the dentalarch; and update the visual overlay in response to an update to at leastone of the position of the dental arch, the shape of the mouth or theexposed portions of the dental arch.
 15. The system of claim 14, whereintracking the position of the dental arch comprises: determining anoffset vector from the AR display to the position of the dental arch;identifying a change in the position of the AR display; and updating theposition of the dental arch in response to the change in the position ofthe AR display.
 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the AR displaycomprises AR eyewear or AR headwear and wherein outputting the visualoverlay comprises projecting the visual overlay onto the AR eyewear orthe AR headwear.
 17. The system of claim 13, wherein outputting thevisual overlay to the AR display comprises: capturing a live video feedof the face; and superimposing the treatment outcome over the view ofthe dental arch in each frame of the live video feed.
 18. The system ofclaim 13, wherein determining the treatment outcome for the dental archcomprises: generating a virtual three-dimensional model of the dentalarch that shows the dental arch after application of orthodontictreatment; determining a perspective of the AR display relative to theposition of the dental arch; determining a portion of the virtualthree-dimensional model that would be visible from the perspective ofthe AR display; and generating a two dimensional perspective of theportion of the virtual three-dimensional model that would be visiblefrom the perspective of the AR display.
 19. The system of claim 13,wherein the AR display comprises a kiosk.
 20. The system of claim 13,wherein the AR display, the image capture device and the processingdevice are components of a mobile computing device.
 21. The system ofclaim 13, wherein the dental arch comprises markers placed on one ormore teeth of the dental arch, and wherein identifying the dental archin the mouth comprises identifying locations of the markers in the imagedata.
 22. The system of claim 13, wherein the AR display is to be wornwhile the user looks into a mirror, and wherein the image data is areflection of the face of the user as shown in the mirror.
 23. Thesystem of claim 22, wherein the image data comprises an image of the ARdisplay, wherein the dental arch comprises an upper arch and a lowerarch, and wherein processing the image data comprises: determining afixed distance between the upper arch of the user and the image capturedevice based on the image data; and determining an area in the imagedata to search for the lower arch based on a) the fixed distance betweenthe upper arch and the image capture device and b) a modeled range ofmotion for the lower arch relative to the upper arch.
 24. The system ofclaim 13, wherein determining the treatment outcome comprises selectinga generic idealized dental arch.
 25. A computer readable storage mediumcomprising instructions that, when executed by a processing device,cause the processing device to perform operations comprising: receivingimage data of a user's face from an image capture device associated withan augmented reality (AR) display used by the user, wherein the imagedata of the user's face is received from the image capture device whilethe user views their face through the AR display; processing, by theprocessing device, the image data to a) identify a mouth in the imagedata, b) identify a dental arch in the mouth, and c) determine aposition of the dental arch relative to a position of the AR display;determining, by the processing device, a treatment outcome for thedental arch; generating, by the processing device, a visual overlaycomprising an indication of the treatment outcome at the determinedposition of the dental arch; and outputting the visual overlay to the ARdisplay while the user views their face through the AR display, whereinthe visual overlay is superimposed over a view of the dental arch on theAR display such that the visual overlay is visible to a viewer ratherthan a true depiction of the dental arch, wherein a remainder of theuser's face that is not covered by the visual overlay is visible to theviewer.
 26. The computer readable medium of claim 25, the operationsfurther comprising; tracking the position of the dental arch, a shape ofthe mouth, and exposed portions of the dental arch; and updating thevisual overlay in response to an update to at least one of the positionof the dental arch, the shape of the mouth or the exposed portions ofthe dental arch.
 27. The computer readable medium of claim 26, whereintracking the position of the dental arch comprises: determining anoffset vector from the AR display to the position of the dental arch;identifying a change in the position of the AR display; and updating theposition of the dental arch in response to the change in the position ofthe AR display.
 28. The computer readable medium of claim 25, whereinthe AR display comprises AR eyewear or AR headwear and whereinoutputting the visual overlay comprises projecting the visual overlayonto the AR eyewear or the AR headwear.
 29. The computer readable mediumof claim 25, wherein outputting the visual overlay to the AR displaycomprises: capturing a live video feed of the face; and superimposingthe treatment outcome over the view of the dental arch in each frame ofthe live video feed.
 30. The computer readable medium of claim 25,wherein determining the treatment outcome for the dental arch comprises:generating a virtual three-dimensional model of the dental arch thatshows the dental arch after application of orthodontic treatment;determining a perspective of the AR display relative to the position ofthe dental arch; determining a portion of the virtual three-dimensionalmodel that would be visible from the perspective of the AR display; andgenerating a two dimensional perspective of the portion of the virtualthree-dimensional model that would be visible from the perspective ofthe AR display.
 31. The computer readable medium of claim 25, whereinthe AR display is worn while the user looks into a mirror, wherein theimage data is a reflection of the user's face as shown in the mirror.32. The computer readable medium of claim 31, wherein the image datacomprises an image of the AR display, wherein the dental arch comprisesan upper arch and a lower arch, and wherein processing the image datacomprises: determining a fixed distance between the upper arch of theuser and the image capture device based on the image data; anddetermining an area in the image data to search for the lower arch basedon a) the fixed distance between the upper arch and the image capturedevice and b) a modeled range of motion for the lower arch relative tothe upper arch.
 33. The computer readable medium of claim 25, theoperations further comprising: determining a position for the visualoverlay based on the position of the dental arch relative to the ARsystem.